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The purpose of the article is specifics of translating medical texts; there are considered characteristic features of informative translation, «false friends of the translator» in medical texts, as well as the problem of translating such a lexical group as the group of abbreviations in the field of medical translation.

This open access book positions itself at the intersection of world literature studies, literary anthropology and philosophical critiques of 'world' and 'globe' concepts. Doing so, it investigates how literature imagines and shapes worlds for its readers through linguistically specific cosmopolitan-vernacular dynamics, both at the level of textual engagement and on a material level of textual production and circulation. Moving from textual analyses in Part One – 'Worlds in Texts' – to combined analyses of texts, media and agents in the literary field in Part Two – 'Texts in Worlds' – the concerns of these nine chapters range from multilingualism, genre and style to material forms such as the little magazine or the scrapbook archive and finally to activities such as travel (as a writing profession) and literary promotion. With this focus on practice – which geographically engages with Constantinople, China, Russia, western Europe, North America, southern Africa and India – contributors demonstrate methodologically how world literature studies can bring the empirically specific detail to bear on global modes of analysis. It is precisely through such a dual optic that the world-making capacity of literature becomes apparent.

Conserving health in early modern culture explores the impact of ideas about healthy living in early modern England and Italy. The attention of medical historians has largely been focussed on the study of illness and medical treatment, yet prevention was one of the cornerstones of early modern medicine. According to Galenic-Hippocratic thought, the preservation of health depended on the careful management of the so-called six 'Non-Naturals': the air one breathed; food and drink; excretions; sleep; movement and rest; and emotions. Drawing on visual, material and textual sources, the contributors show the pervasiveness of the preventive paradigm in early modern culture and society. In particular it becomes apparent that concern for the non-naturals informed lay people's daily lives and routines as well as stimulating innovation in material culture and painting, and influencing discourses in fields as diverse as geology, natural philosophy and religion.

At the same time the volume challenges the common assumption that health advice was a uniform and stable body of knowledge, showing instead that models of healthy living were tailored to different genders, age-groups and categories of patients; they also varied over time and depended on the geographical context. In particular, significant differences emerge between what was regarded as beneficial or harmful to health in England and Italy.

As well as showing the value of a comparative perspective of study, this interdisciplinary volume will appeal to a wide readership, interested not just in health practices, but in print culture, histories of women, infancy, the environment and of art and material culture.

The paper introduces the Middle Bengali text The Garland of Bones (Haramala) into Western scholarship, and poses the question of what milieu it was produced and transmitted in. The main subject matter of this work is Tantric yoga, particularly the concept of the body. Content analysis reveals that it draws from different known sources (East Indian Kaula Sanskrit Tantras and vernacular works), but also contains a substantial amount of material that seems to be unique. Although the study of this text is full of uncertainties, and several questions related to it remain unanswered, the paper concludes that The Garland of Bones was probably composed in seventeenth-century Chittagong in a vernacular Tantric milieu, which was separate from the mainstream Sanskrit-oriented Kaula tradition. Later, probably in the eighteenth century, the text was adopted by the householder Naths in the eastern parts of undivided Bengal, and became one of their most important scriptures.

AbstractMuch anthropology has considered the social embeddedness of medical systems, personnel, and practices and the political subjectivities that may arise among health workers. I explore what medical citizenship looks like under conditions of settler colonialism in West Papua based on an ethnographic study of Dani (Balim) and Lani HIV nurses and NGO volunteers who see themselves and their activities as part of a broader effort to save Papuans from extinction. In particular, HIV work emerges as a biosocial obligation, meaning that workers give their expertise, attention, compassion, and treatment networks to people with HIV in the name of ensuring the vitality of the wider population, but giving care is not altruistic. As HIV workers respond to erasure, constraints, and racism, they put themselves at the centre of HIV care webs. 'Traditional' technologies transform healthcare encounters and challenge strategic ignorance about the epidemic. A close navigation of global health and settler power allows for flexible, independent, even surreptitious HIV practices that are deceptively radical and disruptive. Papuan HIV workers' medical citizenship is encompassed by and expresses vernacular sovereignties.

The article presents a fact-based study of the verbalization of medical knowledge, verbal nomination as one of the ways to create a Russian medical dictionary. The linguistic materials collected during the research indicate the ability of the verb to terminate concepts. Verb-terms, in contrast to noun-terms, nominate specific processes, phenomena. Verb terms are included in word-formation nests along with noun terms. Verb terms fall into two groups: 1) branch verbs and 2) common verbs. The first group unites verbs characteristic of the medical field of knowledge, the second group includes verbs, the terminological nature of which is manifested in the composition of a phrase with a dependent noun-term. In such verb-nominal phrases, the verb either expands the meaning, or concretizes the existing one. Verb terms are used mainly in those branches of medicine that are associated with a specif- ic action (for example, surgery). Verb terms have the same grammatical categories as verbs of the general literary language. The results obtained can be used for further research on the cognitive properties of verbs-terms based on new sources.

Title Page -- Contents -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Natural Language Processing In the Healthcare Environment -- Chapter 3. The Context of the Multi-TALE Project -- Chapter 4. Technical Description of the Dutch and English Multi-TALE Components -- Chapter 5. Structure for the Classification of Surgical Procedures -- Chapter 6. The Dutch and English Corpora: Macro-Textual Level Tags -- Chapter 7. The English Multi-TALE Syntactic-Semantic Grammar -- Chapter 8. The Dutch Multi-TALE Syntactic-Semantic Module -- Chapter 9. The Augmented Reference Lexicon for Neurosurgery -- Chapter 10. Evaluation and Validation of the Multi-TALE System -- Chapter 11. Future Work and Conclusion -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- References -- Index.

Byzantium is a wondrous mosaic, a palimpsest, a crossroads that joins East and West. It was the continuation of the Roman Empire and as a state pattern, included many ethnic groups with different cultural background, language, customs and religion. Byzantine culture was nourished by the diverse traditions of the people who composed it and which were involved in the shaping of the political and social status. This has resulted in Byzantium to be characterized as: multinational, multicultural, multilingual. Besides the internal diversity, Byzantium is a field of interactions with the neighboring people, foreign mercenaries but mostly with the large community of traders who sojourn in major urban centers, especially in Constantinople. In this study the presence of "others" will be considered basically through didactic texts, heroic poetry, satire and Byzantine Dreambooks. The Dreambooks(Oneirocritica) are popular vernacular texts, which aimed to predict the future through the interpretation of dreams. The Byzantine tradition of dream interpretation includes nine Dreambooks with a time range from Late Antiquity to the Late Byzantium (2nd century AD - 15th century AD). In the texts we will seek information about the attitude of the Byzantines against "others"(strangers), whether they are of another ethnicity and religion or belonging to a marginal group. Through dreams interpretation are reflected both the personal perceptions of dream interpreters and the dominant ideology: prejudices, stereotypes, and also the subsequent issues arising among ethnic and religious groups' interaction.

Published also, with some variations in texts, under title: The R.O.T.C. manual. Medical, basic. ; Second- edition has title: Military medical manual . A text and reference book of military training for the Medical corps, and imprint: Harrisburg, Pa., The Military service publishing company. ; First edition "Produced for the Military surgeon." ; Mode of access: Internet.

This volume presents the first critical edition and translation of the corpus of medieval Welsh medical recipes traditionally ascribed to the Physicians of Myddfai. These offer practical treatments for a variety of everyday conditions such as toothache, constipation and gout. The recipes have been edited from the four earliest collections of Welsh medical texts in manuscript, which date from the late fourteenth century. A series of notes provides sources and analogues for the recipes, demonstrating their relationship with the European medical tradition. The identification of herbal ingredients in the recipes is based on pre-modern plant-name glossaries rather than modern dictionaries, and has led to new interpretations of many of the recipes. Comprehensive glossaries allow the reader to find any recipe based on the ingredients and equipment used in it or the condition treated. This new interpretation of these texts clearly shows that they are not unique, but rather form part of the medical tradition that was common throughout Europe during the Middle Ages.